Molecular characterization of human adenovirus causing infantile acute gastroenteritis in Venezuela before and after rotavirus vaccine implementation.

Human adenoviruses (HAdV) of species F are commonly involved in pediatric acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The real impact on Venezuelan health is unknown. To investigate the prevalence and molecular diversity of HAdV in Venezuela, 630 fecal samples collected from children with AGE in 3 cities, from 2001 to 2013, were tested by PCR. Species F and types F40/41 were identified by REA. HAdV was detected in 123 cases (19.5%), most from outpatient females under 24 months old. A progressive and substantial increase in the detection rate was observed over time, significantly higher in rotavirus vaccinated than unvaccinated children (28.4% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.00019). Phylogenetic analysis of 28 randomly selected genomes showed high similarity among HAdV-F40/41 and those worldwide. HAdV-F of type 41 prevailed (79.8%) and clustered into 2 intratypic major clades. The significant involvement of HAdV-F41 in AGE suggests the importance of actively monitoring viral agents other than rotavirus, especially after vaccine introduction.

Utility of Intraoperative Ultrasound in Neurosurgery

Objective The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the usefulness of intraoperative ultrasound guidance as a technique for the assessment, in real time, of tumor resection and as a navigation aid during intra-axial brain lesion removal on patients admitted in the Neurosurgical Department at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela, in 2018. Methods A total of 10 patients were enrolled, each with intra-axial brain lesions with no previous neurosurgical procedures and a mean age of 49 years old, ranging from 29 to 59 years old. Results A male predominance was observed with 7 cases (70%) over 3 female cases (30%). Six patients had lesions in the dominant hemisphere. The frontal lobe was the most commonly affected,with 5 cases, followed by the parietal lobe,with 4 cases. After craniotomy, ultrasound evaluation was performed previously to dural opening, during tumor resection and after tumor removal. The mean tumor size in axial, coronal and sagittal views was 3.72 cm, 3.08 cm and 3.00 cm, respectively, previously to dural opening with intraoperative ultrasound. The average tumor depth was 1.73 cm from the cerebral cortex. The location and removal duration from the beginning of the approach (ultrasound usage time) was 83.60 minutes, and the average surgery duration was 201 minutes. Navigation with intraoperative ultrasound served to resect intra-axial tumors more precisely and safely. There was no postoperative complication associated with the surgery in this series of cases. Conclusions Intraoperative ultrasound guidance for intra-axial subcortical tumor resection is a technique that serves as a surgical and anatomical orientation tool.

Hypoglossal Nerve Schwannoma: Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Hypoglossal schwannomas are rare, benign intracranial neoplasms; they represent 5% of all nonvestibular schwannomas. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 22-year-old male patient had presented 4 months before admission with left-sided hearing loss, an increase in the base of support with lateralization to the left, and dysphagia to solids. Physical examination on admission showed hypotrophy of the tongue and deviation to the left. Magnetic resonance imaging showed evidence of an extraaxial lesion compressing the medulla oblongata and pons, which protruded through the hypoglossal canal. The patient was prepared for surgical treatment in 2 stages: in the first surgery, a left retrosigmoidal approach with total resection of the intracranial lesion was performed. The biopsy reported a schwannoma, and correlating the signs, symptoms, and imaging, the diagnosis of a hypoglossal nerve schwannoma was established. In the second surgery, a lateral cervical approach was performed, with subtotal resection of the lesion, leaving a remnant adhered to the nerve in the hypoglossal canal. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoglossal schwannomas are a rare entity, in which surgery is the most viable option with high cure rates. However, its complete resection, without leaving permanent neurologic sequels, is a challenge.

Are respiratory complications of Plasmodium vivax malaria an underestimated problem?

BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications are uncommon, but often life-threatening features of Plasmodium vivax malaria. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and lethality associated with such complications among P. vivax malaria patients in a tertiary hospital in the Western Brazilian Amazon, and to identify variables associated with severe respiratory complications, intensive care need and death. Medical records from 2009 to 2016 were reviewed aiming to identify all patients diagnosed with P. vivax malaria and respiratory complications. Prevalence, lethality and risk factors associated with WHO defined respiratory complications, intensive care need and death were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 587 vivax malaria patients were hospitalized during the study period. Thirty (5.1%) developed respiratory complications. Thirteen (43.3%) developed severe respiratory complications, intensive care was required for 12 (40%) patients and 5 (16.6%) died. On admission, anaemia and thrombocytopaenia were common findings, whereas fever was unusual. Patients presented different classes of parasitaemia and six were aparasitaemic on admission. Time to respiratory complications occurred after anti-malarials administration in 18 (60%) patients and progressed very rapidly. Seventeen patients (56.7%) had comorbidities and/or concomitant conditions, which were significantly associated to higher odds of developing severe respiratory complications, need for intensive care and death (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Respiratory complications were shown to be associated with significant mortality in this population. Patients with comorbidities and/or concomitant conditions require special attention to avoid this potential life-threatening complication.

Infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) en pacientes hemodializados seronegativos para anticuerpos anti-HCV / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in hemodialysed patients seronegative for anti-HCV antibodies

La infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) es común en pacientes hemodializados. Se evaluaron 43 sueros de pacientes de la Unidad de Diálisis “Dr. José Maza Carvajal” del Servicio Autónomo del Hospital Universitario “Antonio Patricio de Alcalᔠ(SAHUAPA), en Cumaná, estado Sucre. Se determinaron anticuerpos IgG séricos contra el HCV (anti-HCV) utilizando tres técnicas inmunoenzimáticas. Para amplificar la región 5’ no codificante (5’NC) se usó la técnica de transcripción reversa de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR), en muestras positivas y negativas para anti-HCV. La presencia de anticuerpos y RNA del HCV fue de 9,3% y la presencia de RNA del HCV en pacientes con anti-HCV negativos fue de 42%, lo cual representó una frecuencia de infección activa de 51%. Análisis filogenéticos de la región 5’NC evidenciaron que el genotipo 2 fue el más prevalente, en particular el subtipo 2b, seguido por el genotipo 1, mientras que en siete muestras no se logró identificar el subtipo. La presencia de un alto número de pacientes seronegativos e infectados con el HCV puede deberse al estado de inmunocompromiso de estos pacientes; de allí la importancia de la determinación de la viremia.

Hepatitis C virus infection is common in hemodialysed patients. Sera from 43 patients from the Dialysis Unit “Dr. José Maza Carvajal” of the University Hospital “Antonio Patricio de Alcalá”, in Cumana, Sucre state, were evaluated. Antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) were determined using three immunosorbent assays. The 5 ‘non-coding (5’NC) HCV region was amplified by RT-PCR in all samples. The presence of antibodies and HCV RNA was 9.3% and of HCV RNA in seronegative sera 42%, which represents a frequency of infection of 51%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5’NC region showed that genotype 2 was the most frequently found, particularly due to subtype 2b, followed by genotype 1, while seven subtypes could not be determined. The presence of a high number of seronegative HCV-infected hemodialysed patients might be due to the immunocompromised condition of these patients; hence the importance of determining the viremia.

Tratamiento con cirugía bariátrica en el paciente obeso: Guías clínicas del Servicio de Endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes

La incidencia de obesidad ha incrementado en forma significativa, constituyendo en la actualidad un grave problema de salud pública por su asociación frecuente con condiciones médicas tales como diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial sistémica y dislipidemias, que constituyen factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los resultados de las intervenciones terapéuticas tradicionales (dieta, actividad física y tratamiento farmacológico), no han resultado exitosos en alcanzar y mantener la pérdida de peso, lo cual ha generado, en las últimas décadas, el desarrollo de otras modalidades terapéuticas con mejores tasas de respuesta como la cirugía bariátrica. Se requiere una adecuada selección de los posibles candidatos para cirugía bariátrica y conocimiento del manejo post-operatorio a corto y largo plazo.

The incidence of obesity has increased significantly, currently constituting a serious public health problem because of its frequent association with medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which are cardiovascular risk factors. The results of traditional therapeutic interventions (diet, physical activity and drug treatment), have not been successful in achieving and maintaining weight loss, which has generated in recent decades the development of other therapeutic modalities with better response rates as bariatric surgery. Proper selection of potential candidates for bariatric surgery and post-operative knowledge of short and long-term management is required.

[Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and hypothyroidism: the first Venezuelan case]. / Síndrome de Smith-Lemli-Opitz e hipotiroidismo: el primer caso venezolano.

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to an abnormal cholesterol synthesis. It was first described by Smith, Lemli and Opitz in 1964. Many cases of SLOS have been described since then, leading to the recognition as a relatively common malformation syndrome. Affected individuals have dysmorphism, microcephaly, multiple congenital malformations, mental retardation, aggressiveness and hyperactivity. The severity of physical defects correlates with the severity of the cholesterol deficiency, which is caused by an abnormally low activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. The occurrence of hypothyroidism in association with SLOS is very unusual. We describe the first Venezuelan case in which both anomalies are associated.

Síndrome de Smith-Lemli-Opitz e hipotiroidismo: el primer caso venezolano / Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and hypothyroidism: the first Venezuelan case

El síndrome de Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SSLO) es un desorden metabólico autosómico recesivo debido a la síntesis anormal de colesterol y fue descrito por primera vez por Smith, Lemli y Opitz en 1964. Muchos casos de SSLO han sido descritos desde entonces, siendo reconocido como un síndrome malformativo relativamente común. Los individuos afectados tienen dismorfismo, microcefalia, múltiples malformaciones congénitas, retraso mental, agresividad e hiperactividad. La severidad de los defectos físicos se correlaciona con la severidad de la deficiencia de colesterol, la cual es causada por la baja actividad de la 7-dehidrocolesterol reductasa, enzima responsable de la conversión de 7-dehidrocolesterol a colesterol. La ocurrencia de hipotiroidismo en asociación con SSLO es muy inusual. Este constituye el primer caso venezolano en el que se asocian ambas patologías.

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to an abnormal cholesterol synthesis. It was first described by Smith, Lemli and Opitz in 1964. Many cases of SLOS have been described since then, leading to the recognition as a relatively common malformation syndrome. Affected individuals have dysmorphism, microcephaly, multiple congenital malformations, mental retardation, aggressiveness and hyperactivity. The severity of physical defects correlates with the severity of the cholesterol deficiency, which is caused by an abnormally low activity of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme responsible for conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol. The occurrence of hypothyroidism in association with SLOS is very unusual. We describe the first Venezuelan case in which both anomalies are associated.

Manejo de pacientes con Síndrome de Cushing

El exceso crónico de glucocorticoides se acompaña de una amplia variedad de signos y síntomas conocidos como síndrome de Cushing. Esta condición, ocurre con mayor frecuencia por causas iatrogénicas cuando los glucocorticoides son usados como terapia antiinflamatoria por tiempo prolongado. El mecanismo patogénico del Cushing endógeno puede dividirse en dependiente o independiente de ACTH. A pesar de los avances en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología, el síndrome de Cushing continúa siendo un reto para el clínico. En este artículo, basado en niveles de evidencia científica y en la experiencia clínica de la Unidad de Endocrinología del IAHULA, se presenta el protocolo de manejo del Síndrome de Cushing, el cual incluye criterios diagnósticos, manejo clínico y tratamiento de esta condición.

Chronic glucocorticoid excess is accompanied by a wide range of signs and symptoms known as Cushing’s syndrome. This condition most commonly arises from iatrogenic causes when glucocorticoids have been used as anti-inflammatory treatment for a long time. The pathogenetic mechanism of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome can be divided into ACTH dependent and ACTH independent. Despite major advances in diagnosis and therapy, Cushing’s syndrome is frequently a challenge for the clinician. In this paper, based on levels of scientific evidence and clinical experience in the Unit of Endocrinology, IAHULA, we present the protocol for the management of Cushing’s syndrome, which includes: diagnostic criteria, clinical management and treatment of this condition.

Manejo de pacientes con acromegalia: Guías Clínicas del Servicio de Endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario De Los Andes

La acromegalia es una enfermedad caracterizada por un exceso de secreción de hormona de crecimiento (GH) y concentraciones circulantes elevadas del factor de crecimiento semejante a la insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1). Esta enfermedad presenta una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a complicaciones cardiovasculares, respiratorias y metabólicas. El aspecto facial es característico e incluye ensanchamiento y engrosamiento de la nariz, pómulos prominentes, abultamiento frontal y prognatismo. El diagnóstico clínico es confirmado por un incremento en los niveles séricos de GH e IGF-1. El objetivo terapéutico es disminuir dichos niveles y aminorar los síntomas del paciente. Las opciones terapéuticas incluyen cirugía, tratamiento médico y radioterapia. En el presente artículo, basados en niveles de evidencia científica y en la experiencia clínica de la Unidad de Endocrinología del IAHULA, se presenta el protocolo para el manejo de la acromegalia, el cual consta de los criterios diagnósticos, el manejo clínico, el tratamiento y seguimiento de esta condición.

Acromegaly is a disease characterized by excess secretion of growth hormone (GH) and increased circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations. This disease has an increased morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic complications. The facial aspect is characteristic and includes a widened and thickened nose, prominent cheekbones, forehead bulges, and prognathism. The clinical diagnosis is confirmed by an increased serum GH and IGF-1 concentration. Therapy for acromegaly is targeted at decreasing GH and IGF-1 levels and ameliorating patient’s symptoms. The therapeutic options include surgery, medical therapies, and radiotherapy. In this paper, based on levels of scientific evidence and clinical experience in the Unit of Endocrinology, IAHULA, we present the protocol for the management of acromegaly, which includes: diagnostic criteria, clinical management, treatment and surveillance of this condition.

Adrenomedulina: ¿Más que una simple hormona?

La adrenomedulina es un péptido vasodilatador, presente en el sistema cardiovascular, riñón, pulmón, glándula adrenal y en el adipocito. Este péptido ha venido adquiriendo una importancia creciente en los últimos años, ya que se han descrito niveles elevados del mismo en patologías como el síndrome metabólico, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial y en aterosclerosis, lo cual pone de manifiesto su relevancia en la fisiopatología de estos trastornos y su posible uso como marcador de riesgo cardiometabólico. A nivel cardíaco, el efecto inotrópico positivo de este péptido parece estar mediado por un aumento del calcio citosólico, independiente de AMP cíclico; reduce la hipertrofia de los miocardiocitos y en la insuficiencia cardíaca los niveles plasmáticos de adrenomedulina están incrementados. La adrenomedulina tiene efecto vasodilatador sistémico y pulmonar y se encuentra incrementada en el plasma de sujetos con hipertensión arterial esencial y en hipertensos con hiperaldosteronismo primario. En riñón, la adrenomedulina induce efecto diurético y natriurético, aumento de la filtración glomerular y disminución de la reabsorción tubular distal de sodio; sus niveles están elevados en la insuficiencia renal crónica. La adrenomedulina está elevada en pacientes diabéticos con mal control metabólico, pero su papel patogénico en la enfermedad no está claro.

Adrenomedullin is a vasodilatory peptide found in the cardiovascular system, kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands and adipocytes. This peptide has been rising interest during the last years because increased plasma levels of it have been found in several pathological conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, pointing to a possible physiopathologic role in these diseases and the potential use as a clinical cardiometabolic marker. In the heart, adrenomedullin has a positive inotropic action, probably mediated through cytosolic increase of calcium concentration, independent of cyclic AMP; it also can reduce cardiomyocites hypertrophy. In heart failure, adrenomedullin levels are increased and show systemic and pulmonar vasodilator effect; its plasma levels are increased in patients with essential arterial hypertension and hypertensives with primary hyperaldosteronism. In the kidneys, adrenomedullin is natriuretic and diuretic, it elevates glomerular filtration rate and reduce distal tubules sodium reabsorption; in patients with renal failure, adrenomedullin levels are increased. In diabetic patients, adrenomedullin plasma levels are increased; however, its pathogenic role in this disease is not yet clear.